Press Releases

Southfield, Michigan , Jan. 31, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Credit Acceptance Corporation (Nasdaq: CACC) (referred to as the “Company”, “Credit Acceptance”, “we”, “our”, or “us”) today announced consolidated net income of $217.6 million, or $14.60 per diluted share, for the three months ended December 31, 2021 compared to consolidated net income of $166.3 million, or $9.43 per diluted share, for the same period in 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2021, consolidated net income was $958.3 million, or $59.52 per diluted share, compared to consolidated net income of $421.0 million, or $23.47 per diluted share, for the same period in 2020.

Adjusted net income, a non-GAAP financial measure, for the three months ended December 31, 2021 was $212.6 million, or $14.26 per diluted share, compared to $189.5 million, or $10.75 per diluted share, for the same period in 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2021, adjusted net income was $826.8 million, or $51.35 per diluted share, compared to adjusted net income of $686.3 million, or $38.26 per diluted share, for the same period in 2020.

Our results for the fourth quarter of 2021 included:

• An increase in forecasted collection rates for Consumer Loans assigned in 2019 and 2020, which increased forecasted net cash flows from our loan portfolio by $31.9 million.
• Forecasted profitability per Consumer Loan assignment that has exceeded our initial estimate for Consumer Loans assigned in 2021 and significantly exceeded our initial estimates for Consumer Loans assigned in 2018 through 2020.
• A decline in Consumer Loan assignment volume, as unit and dollar volumes declined 22.6% and 12.7%, respectively, as compared to the fourth quarter of 2020.
• Stock repurchases of approximately 606,000 shares, which represented 4.1% of the shares outstanding at the beginning of the quarter.

Consumer Loan Metrics

Dealers assign retail installment contracts (referred to as “Consumer Loans”) to Credit Acceptance. At the time a Consumer Loan is submitted to us for assignment, we forecast future expected cash flows from the Consumer Loan. Based on the amount and timing of these forecasts and expected expense levels, an advance or one-time purchase payment is made to the related dealer at a price designed to maximize economic profit, a non-GAAP financial measure that considers our return on capital, our cost of capital and the amount of capital invested. 

We use a statistical model to estimate the expected collection rate for each Consumer Loan at the time of assignment. We continue to evaluate the expected collection rate of each Consumer Loan subsequent to assignment. Our evaluation becomes more accurate as the Consumer Loans age, as we use actual performance data in our forecast. By comparing our current expected collection rate for each Consumer Loan with the rate we projected at the time of assignment, we are able to assess the accuracy of our initial forecast. The following table compares our forecast of Consumer Loan collection rates as of December 31, 2021 with the forecasts as of September 30, 2021, as of December 31, 2020 and at the time of assignment, segmented by year of assignment:

		Forecasted Collection Percentage as of (1)												Current Forecast Variance from
Consumer Loan Assignment Year		December 31, 2021			September 30, 2021			December 31, 2020			Initial Forecast			September 30, 2021			December 31, 2020			Initial Forecast
2012		73.8	%		73.8	%		73.8	%		71.4	%		0.0	%		0.0	%		2.4	%
2013		73.4	%		73.4	%		73.4	%		72.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%		1.4	%
2014		71.5	%		71.6	%		71.6	%		71.8	%		-0.1	%		-0.1	%		-0.3	%
2015		65.1	%		65.1	%		65.2	%		67.7	%		0.0	%		-0.1	%		-2.6	%
2016		63.6	%		63.6	%		63.6	%		65.4	%		0.0	%		0.0	%		-1.8	%
2017		64.4	%		64.4	%		64.1	%		64.0	%		0.0	%		0.3	%		0.4	%
2018		65.1	%		65.0	%		64.0	%		63.6	%		0.1	%		1.1	%		1.5	%
2019		66.5	%		66.2	%		64.4	%		64.0	%		0.3	%		2.1	%		2.5	%
2020		67.9	%		67.7	%		64.8	%		63.4	%		0.2	%		3.1	%		4.5	%
2021 (2)		66.5	%		66.4	%		—			66.3	%		0.1	%		—			0.2	%

^{(1)   Represents the total forecasted collections we expect to collect on the Consumer Loans as a percentage of the repayments that we were contractually owed on the Consumer Loans at the time of assignment.  Contractual repayments include both principal and interest. Forecasted collection rates are negatively impacted by canceled Consumer Loans as the contractual amount owed is not removed from the denominator for purposes of computing forecasted collection rates in the table.
(2)   The forecasted collection rate for 2021 Consumer Loans as of December 31, 2021 includes both Consumer Loans that were in our portfolio as of September 30, 2021 and Consumer Loans assigned during the most recent quarter. The following table provides forecasted collection rates for each of these segments:}

		Forecasted Collection Percentage as of									Current Forecast Variance from
2021 Consumer Loan Assignment Period		December 31, 2021			September 30, 2021			Initial Forecast			September 30, 2021			Initial Forecast
January 1, 2021 through September 30, 2021		66.4	%		66.4	%		66.0	%		0.0	%		0.4	%
October 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021		67.1	%		—			67.4	%		—			-0.3	%

Consumer Loans assigned in 2012, 2013, and 2018 through 2020 have yielded forecasted collection results significantly better than our initial estimates, while Consumer Loans assigned in 2015 and 2016 have yielded forecasted collection results significantly worse than our initial estimates. For all other assignment years presented, actual results have been close to our initial estimates. For the three months ended December 31, 2021, forecasted collection rates improved for Consumer Loans assigned in 2019 and 2020 and were generally consistent with expectations at the start of the period for all other assignment years presented. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, forecasted collection rates improved for Consumer Loans assigned in 2017 through 2021 and were generally consistent with expectations at the start of the period for all other assignment years presented.

The changes in forecasted collection rates for the three months and year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 impacted forecasted net cash flows (forecasted collections less forecasted dealer holdback payments) as follows:

(In millions)		For the Three Months Ended December 31,							For the Years Ended December 31,
Increase (Decrease) in Forecasted Net Cash Flows			2021			2020				2021			2020
Dealer loans		$	7.8		$	(4.6)			$	87.7		$	(41.1)
Purchased loans			24.1			1.9				238.4			(5.2)
Total		$	31.9		$	(2.7)			$	326.1		$	(46.3)

During the first quarter of 2020, we reduced our estimate of future net cash flows from our loan portfolio by $206.5 million, or 2.3% of the forecasted net cash flows at the start of the period, primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The reduction was comprised of: (1) $44.3 million calculated by our forecasting model, which reflected lower realized collections during the first quarter of 2020 and (2) an additional $162.2 million, which represented our best estimate of the future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on future net cash flows. Under the GAAP methodology that we employ (known as the current expected credit loss model or CECL), changes in the amount and timing of forecasted net cash flows are recorded as a provision for credit losses in the current period. We have continued to apply this adjustment to our forecast through the end of 2021 as it continues to represent our best estimate of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on future net cash flows. The COVID-19 pandemic has created conditions that increase the level of uncertainty associated with our estimate of the amount and timing of future net cash flows from our loan portfolio.

The following table presents information on the average Consumer Loan assignment for each of the last 10 years:

		Average
Consumer Loan Assignment Year		Consumer Loan (1)			Advance (2)			Initial Loan Term (in months)
2012		$	15,468		$	7,165		47
2013			15,445			7,344		47
2014			15,692			7,492		47
2015			16,354			7,272		50
2016			18,218			7,976		53
2017			20,230			8,746		55
2018			22,158			9,635		57
2019			23,139			10,174		57
2020			24,262			10,656		59
2021 (3)			25,632			11,790		59

^{(1)   Represents the repayments that we were contractually owed on Consumer Loans at the time of assignment, which include both principal and interest.
(2)  Represents advances paid to dealers on Consumer Loans assigned under our portfolio program and one-time payments made to dealers to purchase Consumer Loans assigned under our purchase program. Payments of dealer holdback and accelerated dealer holdback are not included.
(3)   The averages for 2021 Consumer Loans include both Consumer Loans that were in our portfolio as of September 30, 2021 and Consumer Loans assigned during the most recent quarter. The following table provides averages for each of these segments:}

		Average
2021 Consumer Loan Assignment Period		Consumer Loan			Advance			Initial Loan Term (in months)
January 1, 2021 through September 30, 2021		$	25,333		$	11,548		59
October 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021			26,958			12,864		58

The increase in the average Consumer Loan from the first nine months of 2021 to the fourth quarter of 2021 was primarily the result of an increase in the average vehicle selling price.

Forecasting collection rates accurately at loan inception is difficult. With this in mind, we establish advance rates that are intended to allow us to achieve acceptable levels of profitability, even if collection rates are less than we initially forecast.

The following table presents forecasted Consumer Loan collection rates, advance rates, the spread (the forecasted collection rate less the advance rate), and the percentage of the forecasted collections that had been realized as of December 31, 2021. All amounts, unless otherwise noted, are presented as a percentage of the initial balance of the Consumer Loan (principal + interest). The table includes both dealer loans and purchased loans.

		As of December 31, 2021
Consumer Loan Assignment Year		Forecasted Collection %			Advance % (1)			Spread %			% of Forecast Realized (2)
2012		73.8	%		46.3	%		27.5	%		99.9	%
2013		73.4	%		47.6	%		25.8	%		99.7	%
2014		71.5	%		47.7	%		23.8	%		99.4	%
2015		65.1	%		44.5	%		20.6	%		98.8	%
2016		63.6	%		43.8	%		19.8	%		97.6	%
2017		64.4	%		43.2	%		21.2	%		93.4	%
2018		65.1	%		43.5	%		21.6	%		83.2	%
2019		66.5	%		44.0	%		22.5	%		68.1	%
2020		67.9	%		43.9	%		24.0	%		46.9	%
2021 (3)		66.5	%		46.0	%		20.5	%		17.4	%

^{(1)   Represents advances paid to dealers on Consumer Loans assigned under our portfolio program and one-time payments made to dealers to purchase Consumer Loans assigned under our purchase program as a percentage of the initial balance of the Consumer Loans.  Payments of dealer holdback and accelerated dealer holdback are not included.
(2)   Presented as a percentage of total forecasted collections.
(3)   The forecasted collection rate, advance rate and spread for 2021 Consumer Loans as of December 31, 2021 include both Consumer Loans that were in our portfolio as of September 30, 2021 and Consumer Loans assigned during the most recent quarter. The following table provides forecasted collection rates, advance rates and spreads for each of these segments:}

		As of December 31, 2021
2021 Consumer Loan Assignment Period		Forecasted Collection %			Advance %			Spread %
January 1, 2021 through September 30, 2021		66.4	%		45.6	%		20.8	%
October 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021		67.1	%		47.7	%		19.4	%

The risk of a material change in our forecasted collection rate declines as the Consumer Loans age. For 2017 and prior Consumer Loan assignments, the risk of a material forecast variance is modest, as we have currently realized in excess of 90% of the expected collections. Conversely, the forecasted collection rates for more recent Consumer Loan assignments are less certain as a significant portion of our forecast has not been realized.

The spread between the forecasted collection rate and the advance rate has ranged from 19.8% to 27.5%, on an annual basis, over the last 10 years. The spread was at the high end of this range in 2012, when the competitive environment was unusually favorable, and much lower during other years (2015 through 2019 and 2021) when competition was more intense. Despite intense competition, the spread in 2020 was higher than other recent years due to Consumer Loan performance, which has exceeded our initial estimates by a significantly greater margin than the other years presented. The decrease in the spread from 2020 to 2021 was primarily the result of the performance of 2020 Consumer Loans, partially offset by a higher initial spread on 2021 Consumer Loans, primarily due to a higher initial forecast on 2021 Consumer Loans. The decrease in the spread from the first nine months of 2021 to the fourth quarter of 2021 was due to Consumer Loan performance and a lower initial spread on Consumer Loans assigned to us during the fourth quarter of 2021, primarily due to a higher advance rate during the fourth quarter of 2021.

The following table compares our forecast of Consumer Loan collection rates as of December 31, 2021 with the forecasts at the time of assignment, for dealer loans and purchased loans separately:

		Dealer Loans									Purchased Loans
		Forecasted Collection Percentage as of (1)									Forecasted Collection Percentage as of (1)
Consumer Loan Assignment Year		December 31, 2021			Initial Forecast			Variance			December 31, 2021			Initial Forecast			Variance
2012		73.6	%		71.3	%		2.3	%		75.9	%		71.4	%		4.5	%
2013		73.3	%		72.1	%		1.2	%		74.2	%		71.6	%		2.6	%
2014		71.4	%		71.9	%		-0.5	%		72.4	%		70.9	%		1.5	%
2015		64.4	%		67.5	%		-3.1	%		68.9	%		68.5	%		0.4	%
2016		62.8	%		65.1	%		-2.3	%		65.8	%		66.5	%		-0.7	%
2017		63.8	%		63.8	%		0.0	%		66.0	%		64.6	%		1.4	%
2018		64.6	%		63.6	%		1.0	%		66.4	%		63.5	%		2.9	%
2019		66.2	%		63.9	%		2.3	%		67.2	%		64.2	%		3.0	%
2020		67.6	%		63.3	%		4.3	%		68.4	%		63.6	%		4.8	%
2021		66.2	%		66.3	%		-0.1	%		67.1	%		66.3	%		0.8	%

^{(1)   The forecasted collection rates presented for dealer loans and purchased loans reflect the Consumer Loan classification at the time of assignment. The forecasted collection rates represent the total forecasted collections we expect to collect on the Consumer Loans as a percentage of the repayments that we were contractually owed on the Consumer Loans at the time of assignment. Contractual repayments include both principal and interest. Forecasted collection rates are negatively impacted by canceled Consumer Loans as the contractual amount owed is not removed from the denominator for purposes of computing forecasted collection rates in the table.}

The following table presents forecasted Consumer Loan collection rates, advance rates, and the spread (the forecasted collection rate less the advance rate) as of December 31, 2021 for dealer loans and purchased loans separately.  All amounts are presented as a percentage of the initial balance of the Consumer Loan (principal + interest).

		Dealer Loans									Purchased Loans
Consumer Loan Assignment Year		Forecasted Collection % (1)			Advance % (1)(2)			Spread %			Forecasted Collection % (1)			Advance % (1)(2)			Spread %
2012		73.6	%		46.0	%		27.6	%		75.9	%		50.0	%		25.9	%
2013		73.3	%		47.2	%		26.1	%		74.2	%		51.5	%		22.7	%
2014		71.4	%		47.2	%		24.2	%		72.4	%		51.8	%		20.6	%
2015		64.4	%		43.4	%		21.0	%		68.9	%		50.2	%		18.7	%
2016		62.8	%		42.1	%		20.7	%		65.8	%		48.6	%		17.2	%
2017		63.8	%		42.1	%		21.7	%		66.0	%		45.8	%		20.2	%
2018		64.6	%		42.7	%		21.9	%		66.4	%		45.2	%		21.2	%
2019		66.2	%		43.1	%		23.1	%		67.2	%		45.6	%		21.6	%
2020		67.6	%		43.0	%		24.6	%		68.4	%		45.5	%		22.9	%
2021		66.2	%		45.1	%		21.1	%		67.1	%		47.7	%		19.4	%

^{(1)   The forecasted collection rates and advance rates presented for dealer loans and purchased loans reflect the Consumer Loan classification at the time of assignment.
(2)   Represents advances paid to dealers on Consumer Loans assigned under our portfolio program and one-time payments made to dealers to purchase Consumer Loans assigned under our purchase program as a percentage of the initial balance of the Consumer Loans.  Payments of dealer holdback and accelerated dealer holdback are not included.}

Although the advance rate on purchased loans is higher as compared to the advance rate on dealer loans, purchased loans do not require us to pay dealer holdback.

The spread on dealer loans decreased from 24.6% in 2020 to 21.1% in 2021 primarily as a result of the performance of the 2020 Consumer Loans in our dealer loan portfolio, which has significantly exceeded our initial estimates, partially offset by a higher initial spread on 2021 Consumer Loans in our dealer loan portfolio, primarily due to a higher initial forecast on 2021 Consumer Loans in our dealer loan portfolio. The spread on purchased loans decreased from 22.9% in 2020 to 19.4% in 2021 primarily as a result of the performance of the 2020 Consumer Loans in our purchased loan portfolio, which has exceeded our initial estimates by a significantly greater margin than those assigned to us in 2021, partially offset by a higher initial spread on 2021 Consumer Loans in our purchased loan portfolio, primarily due to a higher initial forecast on 2021 Consumer Loans in our purchased loan portfolio.

Consumer Loan Volume

The following table summarizes changes in Consumer Loan assignment volume in each of the last twelve quarters as compared to the same period in the previous year:

		Year over Year Percent Change
Three Months Ended		Unit Volume			Dollar Volume (1)
March 31, 2019		0.4	%		5.1	%
June 30, 2019		0.0	%		5.6	%
September 30, 2019		0.4	%		7.6	%
December 31, 2019		-5.3	%		1.1	%
March 31, 2020		-10.1	%		-4.5	%
June 30, 2020		5.7	%		5.2	%
September 30, 2020		-8.8	%		-4.7	%
December 31, 2020		-18.1	%		-10.8	%
March 31, 2021		-7.5	%		-2.2	%
June 30, 2021		-28.7	%		-20.5	%
September 30, 2021		-29.4	%		-17.9	%
December 31, 2021		-22.6	%		-12.7	%

^{(1)   Represents advances paid to dealers on Consumer Loans assigned under our portfolio program and one-time payments made to dealers to purchase Consumer Loans assigned under our purchase program.  Payments of dealer holdback and accelerated dealer holdback are not included.}

Consumer Loan assignment volumes depend on a number of factors including (1) the overall demand for our financing programs, (2) the amount of capital available to fund new loans, and (3) our assessment of the volume that our infrastructure can support. Our pricing strategy is intended to maximize the amount of economic profit we generate, within the confines of capital and infrastructure constraints.

Unit and dollar volumes declined 22.6% and 12.7%, respectively, during the fourth quarter of 2021 as the number of active dealers declined 11.5% and the average unit volume per active dealer declined 13.2%. Dollar volume declined less than unit volume during the fourth quarter of 2021 due to an increase in the average advance paid per unit. This increase was the result of an increase in the average size of the Consumer Loans assigned, primarily due to an increase in the average vehicle selling price. Unit volume for the 28-day period ended January 28, 2022 declined 36.8% compared to the same period in 2021, as January 2021 unit volume reflected the distribution of federal stimulus payments during that month.

The following table summarizes changes in Consumer Loan assignment unit volume in each of the last four quarters as compared to the same periods in 2019:

Three Months Ended		Percent Change in Unit Volume Compared to the Same Periods in 2019
March 31, 2021		-16.8	%
June 30, 2021		-24.6	%
September 30, 2021		-35.6	%
December 31, 2021		-36.6	%

We believe the significant decline in 2021 unit volume compared to the same periods in 2020 and 2019 was primarily due to low dealer inventories and elevated used vehicle prices, which we believe are primarily due to the downstream impact of supply chain disruptions in the automobile industry.

The following table summarizes the changes in Consumer Loan unit volume and active dealers:

	For the Three Months Ended December 31,							For the Years Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		% Change			2021		2020		% Change
Consumer Loan unit volume	49,427		63,899		-22.6	%		268,730		341,967		-21.4	%
Active dealers (1)	7,488		8,461		-11.5	%		11,410		12,690		-10.1	%
Average volume per active dealer	6.6		7.6		-13.2	%		23.6		26.9		-12.3	%
Consumer Loan unit volume from dealers active both periods	41,457		52,793		-21.5	%		249,743		315,540		-20.9	%
Dealers active both periods	5,470		5,470		—			9,196		9,196		—
Average volume per dealer active both periods	7.6		9.7		-21.5	%		27.2		34.3		-20.9	%
Consumer loan unit volume from dealers not active both periods	7,970		11,106		-28.2	%		18,987		26,427		-28.2	%
Dealers not active both periods	2,018		2,991		-32.5	%		2,214		3,494		-36.6	%
Average volume per dealer not active both periods	3.9		3.7		5.4	%		8.6		7.6		13.2	%

^{(1)   Active dealers are dealers who have received funding for at least one Consumer Loan during the period.}

The following table provides additional information on the changes in Consumer Loan unit volume and active dealers: 

	For the Three Months Ended December 31,									For the Years Ended December 31,
	2021			2020			% Change			2021			2020			% Change
Consumer Loan unit volume from new active dealers	1,380			2,100			-34.3	%		18,267			30,968			-41.0	%
New active dealers (1)	479			608			-21.2	%		2,094			2,730			-23.3	%
Average volume per new active dealer	2.9			3.5			-17.1	%		8.7			11.3			-23.0	%
Attrition (2)	-17.4	%		-19.0	%					-7.7	%		-8.3	%

^{(1)   New active dealers are dealers who enrolled in our program and have received funding for their first dealer loan or purchased loan from us during the period.
(2)  Attrition is measured according to the following formula:  decrease in Consumer Loan unit volume from dealers who have received funding for at least one dealer loan or purchased loan during the comparable period of the prior year but did not receive funding for any dealer loans or purchased loans during the current period divided by prior year comparable period Consumer Loan unit volume.}

The following table shows the percentage of Consumer Loans assigned to us as dealer loans and purchased loans for each of the last eight quarters:

		Unit Volume						Dollar Volume (1)
Three Months Ended		Dealer Loans			Purchased Loans			Dealer Loans			Purchased Loans
March 31, 2020		64.9	%		35.1	%		60.5	%		39.5	%
June 30, 2020		62.5	%		37.5	%		59.1	%		40.9	%
September 30, 2020		64.1	%		35.9	%		60.9	%		39.1	%
December 31, 2020		65.3	%		34.7	%		62.7	%		37.3	%
March 31, 2021		65.4	%		34.6	%		62.7	%		37.3	%
June 30, 2021		66.9	%		33.1	%		64.0	%		36.0	%
September 30, 2021		69.9	%		30.1	%		66.8	%		33.2	%
December 31, 2021		71.8	%		28.2	%		68.0	%		32.0	%

^{(1)   Represents advances paid to dealers on Consumer Loans assigned under our portfolio program and one-time payments made to dealers to purchase Consumer Loans assigned under our purchase program.  Payments of dealer holdback and accelerated dealer holdback are not included.}

As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the net dealer loans receivable balance was 61.3% and 61.4%, respectively, of the total net loans receivable balance.

Financial Results

(Dollars in millions, except per share data)	For the Three Months Ended December 31,									For the Years Ended December 31,
		2021			2020		% Change				2021			2020		% Change
GAAP average debt	$	4,671.2		$	4,624.8		1.0	%		$	4,699.9		$	4,686.1		0.3	%
GAAP average shareholders' equity		1,865.7			2,320.4		-19.6	%			2,214.2			2,188.6		1.2	%
Average capital	$	6,536.9		$	6,945.2		-5.9	%		$	6,914.1		$	6,874.7		0.6	%
GAAP net income	$	217.6		$	166.3		30.8	%		$	958.3		$	421.0		127.6	%
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding		14,904,836			17,633,553		-15.5	%			16,100,552			17,935,779		-10.2	%
GAAP net income per diluted share	$	14.60		$	9.43		54.8	%		$	59.52		$	23.47		153.6	%

The increase in GAAP net income for the three months ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, was primarily the result of the following:

• A decrease in provision for credit losses of 72.0% ($66.7 million), due to:
  • A decrease in provision for credit losses on forecast changes of $40.5 million, primarily due to an improvement in Consumer Loan performance.
  • A decrease in provision for credit losses on new Consumer Loan assignments of $26.2 million, due to a decrease in Consumer Loan assignment unit volume and a decrease in the average provision for credit losses per Consumer Loan assignment primarily due to a higher initial forecast on 2021 Consumer Loan assignments.
• An increase in finance charges of 2.9% ($12.3 million), primarily due to an increase in the average yield on our loan portfolio, primarily due to the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020, which requires us to recognize finance charges on new Consumer Loan assignments using effective interest rates based on contractual future net cash flows, which are significantly in excess of our expected yields.
• A decrease in interest expense of 14.4% ($6.5 million), primarily due to a decrease in our average cost of debt. The decrease in our average cost of debt was primarily the result of lower interest rates on recently-completed secured financings.
• An increase in other income of 27.1% ($3.9 million), primarily due to an increase in ancillary product profit sharing income due to a decrease in average claim rates.
• An increase in provision for income taxes of 34.7% ($17.3 million), primarily due to an increase in our taxable income.
• An increase in operating expenses of 23.7% ($20.0 million), due to an increase in salaries and wages expense of 45.8% ($21.1 million), primarily due to an $18.0 million increase in stock-based compensation expense primarily related to stock options. From December 2020 through June 2021, we granted stock options, subject to shareholder approval of an amendment to our incentive compensation plan, that vest and become exercisable in four equal annual installments beginning on the first anniversary of the date on which the options were granted. Stock compensation expense is normally recognized over the vesting period starting from the grant date. However, since our grants were dependent upon shareholder approval, no stock compensation expense could be recognized until we received shareholder approval at the annual meeting on July 21, 2021. At that time, we began recognizing the fair value of the stock options as stock-based compensation expense over the remaining vesting period. This resulted in the expense for the first annual vesting installment being recognized over a shorter time period as it is being recognized over the period from July 21, 2021 through the first anniversary of the date on which the options were granted. The expense for subsequent annual vesting installments will be recognized over their respective annual vesting periods.

The increase in GAAP net income for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, was primarily the result of the following:

• A decrease in provision for credit losses of 98.5% ($548.5 million), due to:
  • A decrease in provision for credit losses on forecast changes of $395.1 million, primarily due to an improvement in Consumer Loan performance.
  • A decrease in provision for credit losses on new Consumer Loan assignments of $153.4 million, due to a decrease in Consumer Loan assignment unit volume and a decrease in the average provision for credit losses per Consumer Loan assignment primarily due to a higher initial forecast on 2021 Consumer Loan assignments.
• An increase in finance charges of 11.5% ($180.2 million), primarily the result of an increase in the average yield on our loan portfolio, primarily due to the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020, which requires us to recognize finance charges on new Consumer Loan assignments using effective interest rates based on contractual future net cash flows, which are significantly in excess of our expected yields.
• An increase in operating expenses of 17.8% ($58.1 million), primarily due to:
  • An increase in salaries and wages expense of 16.9% ($31.6 million), primarily due to:
    • An increase in stock-based compensation expense of $18.6 million, due to an increase of $33.7 million related to stock options and a decrease of $15.1 million related to restricted stock and restricted stock units. We recognized $33.7 million of expense in 2021 for stock options granted from December 2020 through August 2021 primarily due to a change in the incentive compensation program for senior management. During the second quarter of 2021, we recognized an $11.5 million reversal of stock-based compensation expense due to the forfeiture of unvested restricted stock and restricted stock units upon the retirement of our former Chief Executive Officer in May 2021.
    • An increase of $22.3 million, excluding stock-based compensation and cash-based incentive compensation, related to increases of $12.8 million for our support function, $9.0 million for our servicing function and $0.5 million for our originations function. The increase in our support function was primarily related to a $7.4 million increase related to our information technology department.
    • A decrease of $9.3 million in cash-based incentive compensation expense, primarily due to a change in the incentive compensation program for senior management, which eliminated annual cash awards in favor of longer-term equity awards, partially offset by an increase in profit sharing primarily due to an improvement in Company performance measures.
  • An increase in general and administrative expense of 44.1% ($30.7 million), primarily due to an increase in legal expenses, which included a $27.2 million settlement with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to settle and fully resolve the claims asserted against the Company.
• A decrease in interest expense of 14.5% ($27.8 million), primarily due to a decrease in our average cost of debt. The decrease in our average cost of debt was primarily the result of lower interest rates on recently-completed secured financings.
• An increase in provision for income taxes of 135.5% ($174.1 million), primarily due to an increase in our taxable income.

Adjusted financial results are provided to help shareholders understand our financial performance. The financial data below is non-GAAP, unless labeled otherwise. We use adjusted financial information internally to measure financial performance and to determine certain incentive compensation. In addition, effective January 1, 2020, certain debt facilities utilize adjusted financial information for the determination of loan collateral values. The table below shows our results following adjustments to reflect non-GAAP accounting methods. Material adjustments are explained in the table footnotes and the subsequent “Floating Yield Adjustment” and “Senior Notes Adjustment” sections. Measures such as adjusted average capital, adjusted net income, adjusted net income per diluted share, adjusted interest expense (after-tax), adjusted net income plus interest expense (after-tax), adjusted return on capital, adjusted revenue, operating expenses, adjusted loans receivable and economic profit are all non-GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP financial measures should be viewed in addition to, and not as an alternative for, our reported results prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Adjusted financial results for the three months and year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the same periods in 2020, include the following:

(Dollars in millions, except per share data)	For the Three Months Ended December 31,											For the Years Ended December 31,
		2021				2020			% Change				2021				2020			% Change
Adjusted average capital	$	6,648.2			$	7,174.1			-7.3	%		$	7,078.4			$	7,076.0			0.0	%
Adjusted net income	$	212.6			$	189.5			12.2	%		$	826.8			$	686.3			20.5	%
Adjusted interest expense (after-tax)	$	30.2			$	35.2			-14.2	%		$	128.5			$	149.5			-14.0	%
Adjusted net income plus interest expense (after-tax)	$	242.8			$	224.7			8.1	%		$	955.3			$	835.8			14.3	%
Adjusted return on capital		14.6%				12.5%			16.8	%			13.5%				11.8%			14.4	%
Cost of capital		5.1%				5.2%			-1.9	%			5.4%				5.2%			3.8	%
Economic profit	$	158.1			$	131.6			20.1	%		$	574.1			$	471.3			21.8	%
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding		14,904,836				17,633,553			-15.5	%			16,100,552				17,935,779			-10.2	%
Adjusted net income per diluted share	$	14.26			$	10.75			32.7	%		$	51.35			$	38.26			34.2	%

Economic profit increased 20.1% and 21.8%, respectively, for the three months and year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020. Economic profit is a function of the return on capital in excess of the cost of capital and the amount of capital invested in the business. The following table summarizes the impact each of these components had on the changes in economic profit for the three months and year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020:

(In millions)	Year over Year Change in Economic Profit
	For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2021				For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Increase in adjusted return on capital	$	34.1			$	119.6
Increase (decrease) in adjusted average capital		(8.7)				0.2
Decrease (increase) in cost of capital		1.1				(17.0)
Increase in economic profit	$	26.5			$	102.8

The increase in economic profit for the three months ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, was primarily the result of the following:

• An increase in our adjusted return on capital of 210 basis points, primarily due to:
  • An increase in the yield used to recognize adjusted finance charges on our loan portfolio increased our adjusted return on capital by 310 basis points, primarily due to an improvement in Consumer Loan performance.
  • Growth in operating expenses decreased our adjusted return on capital by 120 basis points as operating expenses grew by 23.7% while adjusted average capital decreased by 7.3%.
• A decrease in our adjusted average capital of 7.3%, primarily due to a decline in the average balance of our loan portfolio.

The increase in economic profit for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, was primarily the result of the following:

• An increase in our adjusted return on capital of 170 basis points, primarily due to:
  • An increase in the yield used to recognize adjusted finance charges on our loan portfolio increased our adjusted return on capital by 230 basis points, primarily due to an improvement in Consumer Loan performance.
  • Faster growth in operating expenses decreased our adjusted return on capital by 60 basis points as operating expenses grew by 17.8% while adjusted average capital remained constant.
• An increase in our cost of capital of 20 basis points, primarily due to an increase in the 30-year Treasury rate, which is used in the average cost of equity calculation, partially offset by a decline in the average cost of debt.

The following table shows adjusted revenue and operating expenses as a percentage of adjusted average capital, the adjusted return on capital, and the percentage change in adjusted average capital for each of the last eight quarters, compared to the same period in the prior year:

		For the Three Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2021			Sept. 30, 2021			Jun. 30, 2021			Mar. 31, 2021			Dec. 31, 2020			Sept. 30, 2020			Jun. 30, 2020			Mar. 31, 2020
Adjusted revenue as a percentage of adjusted average capital (1)		25.3	%		24.0	%		22.4	%		20.4	%		21.0	%		19.2	%		18.7	%		20.9	%
Operating expenses as a percentage of adjusted average capital (1)		6.3	%		5.5	%		3.8	%		6.2	%		4.7	%		4.5	%		4.6	%		4.6	%
Adjusted return on capital (1)		14.6	%		14.2	%		14.3	%		11.0	%		12.5	%		11.3	%		10.8	%		12.6	%
Percentage change in adjusted average capital compared to the same period in the prior year		-7.3	%		-2.2	%		4.1	%		5.8	%		7.7	%		10.4	%		11.4	%		15.1	%

^{(1)   Annualized.}

The increase in adjusted revenue as a percentage of adjusted average capital for the three months ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to an increase in the yield used to recognize adjusted finance charges on our loan portfolio, primarily due to an improvement in Consumer Loan performance. The increase in adjusted revenue increased our adjusted return on capital by 100 basis points.

The increase in operating expenses as a percentage of adjusted average capital for the three months ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021, was due to an increase in operating expenses of 8.4% ($8.1 million) and a decrease in adjusted average capital of 5.4%. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to:

• An increase in salaries and wages expense of 6.3% ($4.0 million), primarily due to a $4.3 million increase in stock-based compensation expense related to stock options. From December 2020 through June 2021, we granted stock options, subject to shareholder approval of an amendment to our incentive compensation plan, that vest and become exercisable in four equal annual installments beginning on the first anniversary of the date on which the options were granted. Stock compensation expense is normally recognized over the vesting period starting from the grant date. However, since our grants were dependent upon shareholder approval, no stock compensation expense could be recognized until we received shareholder approval at the annual meeting on July 21, 2021. At that time, we began recognizing the fair value of the stock options as stock-based compensation expense over the remaining vesting period. This resulted in the expense for the first annual vesting installment being recognized over a shorter time period as it is being recognized over the period from July 21, 2021 through the first anniversary of the date on which the options were granted. The expense for subsequent annual vesting installments will be recognized over their respective annual vesting periods.
• An increase in general and administrative expenses of 20.7% ($3.5 million), primarily due to increases in information technology and legal expenses.

The increase in operating expenses decreased our adjusted return on capital by 60 basis points.

The following tables provide a reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to GAAP measures.  Certain amounts do not recalculate due to rounding.

(Dollars in millions, except per share data)		For the Three Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2021				Sept. 30, 2021				Jun. 30, 2021				Mar. 31, 2021				Dec. 31, 2020				Sept. 30, 2020				Jun. 30, 2020				Mar. 31, 2020
Adjusted net income
GAAP net income (loss)		$	217.6			$	250.0			$	288.6			$	202.1			$	166.3			$	242.1			$	96.4			$	(83.8)
Floating yield adjustment (after-tax)			(26.1)				(29.8)				(37.9)				(54.7)				(47.6)				(54.7)				(51.3)				(16.0)
GAAP provision for credit losses (after-tax)			20.0				(6.4)				(23.5)				16.4				71.3				(23.0)				107.5				273.0
Senior notes adjustment (after-tax)			(0.5)				(0.5)				(0.6)				(0.5)				(0.6)				(0.4)				(0.6)				5.6
Income tax adjustment (1)			1.6				5.8				3.7				1.5				0.1				3.0				2.1				(3.1)
Adjusted net income		$	212.6			$	219.1			$	230.3			$	164.8			$	189.5			$	167.0			$	154.1			$	175.7
Adjusted net income per diluted share (2)		$	14.26			$	13.84			$	13.71			$	9.64			$	10.75			$	9.36			$	8.63			$	9.66
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding			14,904,836				15,829,166				16,794,279				17,099,058				17,633,553				17,849,765				17,847,050				18,185,465
Adjusted revenue
GAAP total revenue		$	463.2			$	470.1			$	471.7			$	451.0			$	447.4			$	426.5			$	406.3			$	389.1
Floating yield adjustment			(33.9)				(38.5)				(49.4)				(71.0)				(61.9)				(71.1)				(66.5)				(20.8)
GAAP provision for claims			(9.5)				(10.0)				(10.3)				(9.0)				(9.1)				(10.7)				(9.3)				(8.8)
Adjusted revenue		$	419.8			$	421.6			$	412.0			$	371.0			$	376.4			$	344.7			$	330.5			$	359.5
Adjusted average capital
GAAP average debt		$	4,671.2			$	4,676.6			$	4,750.3			$	4,701.6			$	4,624.8			$	4,735.2			$	4,786.9			$	4,597.2
Deferred debt issuance adjustment			27.8				28.6				30.4				29.1				26.8				25.7				25.9				28.5
Senior notes debt adjustment			3.4				3.4				3.4				3.4				3.4				3.4				3.4				(23.3)
Adjusted average debt			4,702.4				4,708.6				4,784.1				4,734.1				4,655.0				4,764.3				4,816.2				4,602.4
GAAP average shareholders' equity			1,865.7				2,224.5				2,443.6				2,323.1				2,320.4				2,188.7				2,015.6				2,229.8
Senior notes equity adjustment			6.6				7.1				7.6				8.2				8.7				9.2				9.7				7.4
Income tax adjustment (3)			(118.5)				(118.5)				(118.5)				(118.5)				(118.5)				(118.5)				(118.5)				(118.5)
Floating yield adjustment			192.0				208.1				253.3				318.7				308.5				341.1				356.4				144.5
Adjusted average equity			1,945.8				2,321.2				2,586.0				2,531.5				2,519.1				2,420.5				2,263.2				2,263.2
Adjusted average capital		$	6,648.2			$	7,029.8			$	7,370.1			$	7,265.6			$	7,174.1			$	7,184.8			$	7,079.4			$	6,865.6
Adjusted revenue as a percentage of adjusted average capital (4)			25.3	%			24.0	%			22.4	%			20.4	%			21.0	%			19.2	%			18.7	%			20.9	%
Adjusted loans receivable
GAAP loans receivable, net		$	6,336.3			$	6,582.6			$	6,768.1			$	6,875.3			$	6,787.9			$	6,865.2			$	6,749.8			$	6,618.5
Floating yield adjustment			244.1				251.3				299.1				378.8				428.5				397.8				498.8				425.8
Adjusted loans receivable		$	6,580.4			$	6,833.9			$	7,067.2			$	7,254.1			$	7,216.4			$	7,263.0			$	7,248.6			$	7,044.3
Adjusted interest expense (after-tax)
GAAP interest expense		$	38.6			$	39.8			$	42.0			$	43.8			$	45.1			$	46.8			$	48.2			$	51.9
Senior notes adjustment			0.6				0.7				0.7				0.7				0.7				0.6				0.7				0.2
Adjusted interest expense (pre-tax)			39.2				40.5				42.7				44.5				45.8				47.4				48.9				52.1
Adjustment to record tax effect (1)			(9.0)				(9.3)				(9.8)				(10.3)				(10.6)				(10.9)				(11.2)				(12.0)
Adjusted interest expense (after-tax)		$	30.2			$	31.2			$	32.9			$	34.2			$	35.2			$	36.5			$	37.7			$	40.1

(1)   Adjustment to record taxes at our estimated long-term effective income tax rate of 23%. 
(2)   Net income per share is computed independently for each of the quarters presented. Therefore, the sum of quarterly net income per share information may not equal year-to-date net income per share.
(3)   The enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in December 2017 resulted in the reversal of $118.5 million of provision for income taxes to reflect the new federal statutory income tax rate. This adjustment removes the impact of this reversal from adjusted average capital. We believe the income tax adjustment provides a more accurate reflection of the performance of our business as we are recognizing provision for income taxes at the applicable long-term effective tax rate for the period.
(4)   Annualized.

(Dollars in millions)		For the Three Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2021				Sept. 30, 2021				Jun. 30, 2021				Mar. 31, 2021				Dec. 31, 2020				Sept. 30, 2020				Jun. 30, 2020				Mar. 31, 2020
Adjusted return on capital
Adjusted net income		$	212.6			$	219.1			$	230.3			$	164.8			$	189.5			$	167.0			$	154.1			$	175.7
Adjusted interest expense (after-tax)			30.2				31.2				32.9				34.2				35.2				36.5				37.7				40.1
Adjusted net income plus interest expense (after-tax)		$	242.8			$	250.3			$	263.2			$	199.0			$	224.7			$	203.5			$	191.8			$	215.8
Reconciliation of GAAP return on equity to adjusted return on capital (4)
GAAP return on equity (1)			46.7	%			45.0	%			47.2	%			34.8	%			28.7	%			44.2	%			19.1	%			-15.0	%
Non-GAAP adjustments			-32.1	%			-30.8	%			-32.9	%			-23.8	%			-16.2	%			-32.9	%			-8.3	%			27.6	%
Adjusted return on capital (2)			14.6	%			14.2	%			14.3	%			11.0	%			12.5	%			11.3	%			10.8	%			12.6	%
Economic profit
Adjusted return on capital			14.6	%			14.2	%			14.3	%			11.0	%			12.5	%			11.3	%			10.8	%			12.6	%
Cost of capital (3) (4)			5.1	%			5.3	%			5.6	%			5.5	%			5.2	%			5.0	%			5.0	%			5.4	%
Adjusted return on capital in excess of cost of capital			9.5	%			8.9	%			8.7	%			5.5	%			7.3	%			6.3	%			5.8	%			7.2	%
Adjusted average capital		$	6,648.2			$	7,029.8			$	7,370.1			$	7,265.6			$	7,174.1			$	7,184.8			$	7,079.4			$	6,865.6
Economic profit		$	158.1			$	156.9			$	159.6			$	99.5			$	131.6			$	113.1			$	103.5			$	123.1
Reconciliation of GAAP net income (loss) to economic profit
GAAP net income (loss)		$	217.6			$	250.0			$	288.6			$	202.1			$	166.3			$	242.1			$	96.4			$	(83.8)
Non-GAAP adjustments			(5.0)				(30.9)				(58.3)				(37.3)				23.2				(75.1)				57.7				259.5
Adjusted net income			212.6				219.1				230.3				164.8				189.5				167.0				154.1				175.7
Adjusted interest expense (after-tax)			30.2				31.2				32.9				34.2				35.2				36.5				37.7				40.1
Adjusted net income plus interest expense (after-tax)			242.8				250.3				263.2				199.0				224.7				203.5				191.8				215.8
Less: cost of capital			84.7				93.4				103.6				99.5				93.1				90.4				88.3				92.7
Economic profit		$	158.1			$	156.9			$	159.6			$	99.5			$	131.6			$	113.1			$	103.5			$	123.1
Operating expenses
GAAP salaries and wages		$	67.2			$	63.2			$	38.4			$	49.3			$	46.1			$	46.6			$	48.8			$	45.0
GAAP general and administrative			20.4				16.9				16.9				46.1				22.8				17.2				14.6				15.0
GAAP sales and marketing			16.9				16.3				14.9				17.2				15.6				16.6				18.2				19.1
Operating expenses		$	104.5			$	96.4			$	70.2			$	112.6			$	84.5			$	80.4			$	81.6			$	79.1
Operating expenses as a percentage of adjusted average capital (4)			6.3	%			5.5	%			3.8	%			6.2	%			4.7	%			4.5	%			4.6	%			4.6	%
Percentage change in adjusted average capital compared to the same period in the prior year			-7.3	%			-2.2	%			4.1	%			5.8	%			7.7	%			10.4	%			11.4	%			15.1	%

^{(1)   Calculated by dividing GAAP net income (loss) by GAAP average shareholders' equity.}

^{(2)   Adjusted return on capital is defined as adjusted net income plus adjusted interest expense (after-tax) divided by adjusted average capital.}

^{(3)   The cost of capital includes both a cost of equity and a cost of debt.  The cost of equity capital is determined based on a formula that considers the risk of the business and the risk associated with our use of debt.  The formula utilized for determining the cost of equity capital is as follows: (the average 30-year Treasury rate + 5%) + [(1 – tax rate) x (the average 30-year Treasury rate + 5% – pre-tax average cost of debt rate) x average debt/(average equity + average debt x tax rate)].  For the periods presented, the average 30-year Treasury rate and the adjusted pre-tax average cost of debt were as follows:}

		For the Three Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2021			Sept. 30, 2021			Jun. 30, 2021			Mar. 31, 2021			Dec. 31, 2020			Sept. 30, 2020			Jun. 30, 2020			Mar. 31, 2020
Average 30-year Treasury rate		1.9	%		2.0	%		2.3	%		2.0	%		1.6	%		1.4	%		1.4	%		1.8	%
Adjusted pre-tax average cost of debt (4)		3.3	%		3.4	%		3.6	%		3.8	%		3.9	%		4.0	%		4.1	%		4.5	%

(4)   Annualized.

(In millions, except share and per share data)		For the Years Ended December 31,
			2021				2020
Adjusted net income
GAAP net income		$	958.3			$	421.0
Floating yield adjustment (after-tax)			(148.5)				(169.6)
GAAP provision for credit losses (after-tax)			6.5				428.8
Senior notes adjustment (after-tax)			(2.1)				4.0
Income tax adjustment (1)			12.6				2.1
Adjusted net income		$	826.8			$	686.3
Adjusted net income per diluted share		$	51.35			$	38.26
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding			16,100,552				17,935,779
Adjusted average capital
GAAP average debt		$	4,699.9			$	4,686.1
Deferred debt issuance adjustment			29.0				26.7
Senior notes debt adjustment			3.4				(3.3)
Adjusted average debt			4,732.3				4,709.5
GAAP average shareholders' equity			2,214.2				2,188.6
Senior notes equity adjustment			7.4				8.8
Income tax adjustment (2)			(118.5)				(118.5)
Floating yield adjustment			243.0				287.6
Adjusted average equity			2,346.1				2,366.5
Adjusted average capital		$	7,078.4			$	7,076.0
Adjusted interest expense (after-tax)
GAAP interest expense		$	164.2			$	192.0
Senior notes adjustment			2.7				2.2
Adjusted interest expense (pre-tax)			166.9				194.2
Adjustment to record tax effect (1)			(38.4)				(44.7)
Adjusted interest expense (after-tax)		$	128.5			$	149.5
Adjusted return on capital
Adjusted net income		$	826.8			$	686.3
Adjusted interest expense (after-tax)			128.5				149.5
Adjusted net income plus interest expense (after-tax)		$	955.3			$	835.8
Reconciliation of GAAP return on equity to adjusted return on capital
GAAP return on equity (3)			43.3	%			19.2	%
Non-GAAP adjustments			-29.8	%			-7.4	%
Adjusted return on capital (4)			13.5	%			11.8	%
Economic profit
Adjusted return on capital			13.5	%			11.8	%
Cost of capital (5)			5.4	%			5.2	%
Adjusted return on capital in excess of cost of capital			8.1	%			6.6	%
Adjusted average capital		$	7,078.4			$	7,076.0
Economic profit		$	574.1			$	471.3
Reconciliation of GAAP net income to economic profit
GAAP net income		$	958.3			$	421.0
Non-GAAP adjustments			(131.5)				265.3
Adjusted net income			826.8				686.3
Adjusted interest expense (after-tax)			128.5				149.5
Adjusted net income plus interest expense (after-tax)			955.3				835.8
Less: cost of capital			381.2				364.5
Economic profit		$	574.1			$	471.3
Operating expenses
GAAP salaries and wages		$	218.1			$	186.5
GAAP general and administrative			100.3				69.6
GAAP sales and marketing			65.3				69.5
Operating expenses		$	383.7			$	325.6

^{(1)   Adjustment to record taxes at our estimated long-term effective income tax rate of 23%.
(2)   The enactment of the 2017 Tax Act in December 2017 resulted in the reversal of $118.5 million of provision for income taxes to reflect the new federal statutory income tax rate. This adjustment removes the impact of this reversal from adjusted average capital. We believe the income tax adjustment provides a more accurate reflection of the performance of our business as we are recognizing provision for income taxes at the applicable long-term effective tax rate for the period.
(3)   Calculated by dividing GAAP net income by GAAP average shareholders' equity.
(4)   Adjusted return on capital is defined as adjusted net income plus adjusted interest expense after-tax divided by adjusted average capital.
(5)   The cost of capital includes both a cost of equity and a cost of debt.  The cost of equity capital is determined based on a formula that considers the risk of the business and the risk associated with our use of debt.  The formula utilized for determining the cost of equity capital is as follows: (the average 30-year Treasury rate + 5%) + [(1 - tax rate) x (the average 30-year Treasury rate + 5% - pre-tax average cost of debt rate) x average debt/(average equity + average debt x tax rate)].  For the periods presented, the average 30-year Treasury rate and the adjusted pre-tax average cost of debt were as follows:}

		For the Years Ended December 31,
		2021			2020
Average 30-year Treasury rate		2.0	%		1.5	%
Adjusted pre-tax average cost of debt		3.5	%		4.1	%

Floating Yield Adjustment

The net loan income (finance charge revenue less provision for credit losses expense) that we recognize over the life of a loan equals the cash we collect from the underlying Consumer Loan less the cash we pay to the dealer. We believe the economics of our business are best exhibited by recognizing loan revenue on a level-yield basis over the life of the loan based on expected future net cash flows. The purpose of this non-GAAP adjustment is to provide insight into our business by showing this level yield measure of income. Under GAAP, contractual amounts due in excess of the loan receivable balance at the time of assignment will be reflected as interest income, while contractual amounts due that are not expected to be collected are reflected in the provision for credit losses. Our non-GAAP floating yield adjustment recognizes the net effects of contractual interest income and expected credit losses in a single measure of finance charge revenue, consistent with how we manage our business. The floating yield adjustment recognizes revenue on a level-yield basis based upon expected future net cash flows, with any changes in expected future net cash flows, which are recognized immediately under GAAP as provision for credit losses, recognized over the remaining forecast period (up to 120 months after the origination date of the underlying Consumer Loans) for each individual dealer loan and purchased loan. The floating yield adjustment does not accelerate revenue recognition. Rather, it reduces revenue by taking amounts that are reported under GAAP as provision for credit losses and instead treating them as reductions of revenue over time.

On January 1, 2020, we adopted CECL, which changed our GAAP methodology. Under the GAAP methodology we employed prior to January 1, 2020, net loan income was based on expected future net cash flows and was recognized on a level-yield basis over the estimated life of the loan. Favorable changes in expected future net cash flows were treated as increases to the yield and were recognized over time, while unfavorable changes were recorded as current period provision for credit losses expense. We do not believe the GAAP methodology we employed prior to January 1, 2020 provided sufficient transparency into the economics of our business due to its asymmetrical treatment of favorable and unfavorable changes to expected future net cash flows. While CECL eliminated that asymmetrical treatment of changes in expected future net cash flows from the GAAP methodology we employ by requiring both favorable and unfavorable changes to expected future net cash flows to be immediately recognized as current period provision for credit losses expense, it introduced a different asymmetry by requiring us to recognize at the time of the loan’s assignment to us a significant provision for credit losses expense for amounts we never expect to realize and to recognize in subsequent periods finance charge revenue that is significantly in excess of our expected yields. Our floating yield adjustment enables us to provide measures of income that are not impacted by GAAP’s asymmetrical treatments of estimates.

We believe the floating yield adjustment is presented in a manner which reflects both the economic reality of our business and how the business is managed and provides valuable supplemental information to help investors better understand our business, executive compensation, liquidity and capital resources.

Senior Notes Adjustment

The purpose of this non-GAAP adjustment is to modify our GAAP financial results to treat the issuance of certain senior notes as a refinancing of certain previously-issued senior notes.

On December 18, 2019, we issued $400.0 million of 5.125% senior notes due 2024 (the “2024 senior notes”). We used a portion of the net proceeds from the 2024 senior notes to repurchase or redeem all of the $300.0 million outstanding principal amount of our 6.125% senior notes due 2021 (the “2021 senior notes”), of which $148.2 million was repurchased on December 18, 2019 and the remaining $151.8 million was redeemed on January 17, 2020. We used the remaining net proceeds from the 2024 senior notes, together with borrowings under our revolving credit facility, to redeem in full the $250.0 million outstanding principal amount of our 7.375% senior notes due 2023 (the "2023 senior notes") on March 15, 2020. Under GAAP, the fourth quarter of 2019 included (i) a pre-tax loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.8 million related to the repurchase of 2021 senior notes in the fourth quarter of 2019 and the redemption of the remaining 2021 senior notes in the first quarter of 2020 and (ii) additional interest expense of $0.3 million on $160.0 million of additional outstanding debt caused by the one month lag from the issuance of the 2024 senior notes and repurchase of 2021 senior notes in the fourth quarter of 2019 to the redemption of the remaining 2021 senior notes in the first quarter of 2020. Under GAAP, the first quarter of 2020 included (i) a pre-tax loss on extinguishment of debt of $7.4 million related to the redemption of 2023 senior notes in the first quarter of 2020 and (ii) additional interest expense of $0.4 million on $160.0 million of additional outstanding debt caused by the one month lag from the issuance of the 2024 senior notes and repurchase of 2021 senior notes in the fourth quarter of 2019 to the redemption of the remaining 2021 senior notes in the first quarter of 2020.

On January 22, 2014, we issued the 2021 senior notes. On February 21, 2014, we used the net proceeds from the 2021 senior notes, together with borrowings under our revolving credit facilities, to redeem in full the $350.0 million outstanding principal amount of our 9.125% senior notes due 2017 (the “2017 senior notes”). Under GAAP, the first quarter of 2014 included (i) a pre-tax loss on extinguishment of debt of $21.8 million related to the redemption of the 2017 senior notes in the first quarter of 2014 and (ii) additional interest expense of $1.4 million on $276.0 million of additional outstanding debt caused by the one month lag from the issuance of the 2021 senior notes to the redemption of the 2017 senior notes.

Under our non-GAAP approach, the loss on extinguishment of debt and additional interest expense that were recognized for GAAP purposes were in each case deferred as debt issuance costs and are being recognized ratably as interest expense over the term of the newly issued notes. In addition, for adjusted average capital purposes, the impact of additional outstanding debt related to the lag from the issuance of the new notes to the redemption of the previously issued notes was in each case deferred and is being recognized ratably over the term of the newly issued notes. Upon the issuance of the 2024 senior notes in the fourth quarter of 2019, the outstanding unamortized balances of the non-GAAP adjustments related to the 2021 senior notes were deferred and are being recognized ratably over the term of the 2024 senior notes.

We believe the senior notes adjustment provides a more accurate reflection of the performance of our business, since we are recognizing the costs incurred with these transactions in a manner consistent with how we recognize the costs incurred when we periodically refinance our other debt facilities.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information

We claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 for all of our forward-looking statements. Statements in this release that are not historical facts, such as those using terms like “may,” “will,” “should,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “forecast,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “target” and those regarding our future results, plans and objectives, are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements represent our outlook only as of the date of this release. Actual results could differ materially from these forward-looking statements since the statements are based on our current expectations, which are subject to risks and uncertainties. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, the factors set forth in Item 1A of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 12, 2021, and other risk factors discussed herein or listed from time to time in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and the following:

Industry, Operational and Macroeconomic Risks

• The outbreak of COVID-19 has adversely impacted our business, and the continuance of this pandemic, or any future outbreak of any contagious diseases or other public health emergency, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
• Our inability to accurately forecast and estimate the amount and timing of future collections could have a material adverse effect on results of operations.
• Due to competition from traditional financing sources and non-traditional lenders, we may not be able to compete successfully.
• Reliance on third parties to administer our ancillary product offerings could adversely affect our business and financial results.
• We are dependent on our senior management and the loss of any of these individuals or an inability to hire additional team members could adversely affect our ability to operate profitably.
• Our reputation is a key asset to our business, and our business may be affected by how we are perceived in the marketplace.
• The concentration of our dealers in several states could adversely affect us.
• Reliance on our outsourced business functions could adversely affect our business.
• Our ability to hire and retain foreign information technology personnel could be hindered by immigration restrictions.
• We may be unable to execute our business strategy due to current economic conditions.
• Adverse changes in economic conditions, the automobile or finance industries, or the non-prime consumer market could adversely affect our financial position, liquidity and results of operations, the ability of key vendors that we depend on to supply us with services, and our ability to enter into future financing transactions.
• Natural disasters, acts of war, terrorist attacks and threats or the escalation of military activity in response to these attacks or otherwise may negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
• A small number of our shareholders have the ability to significantly influence matters requiring shareholder approval and such shareholders have interests which may conflict with the interests of our other security holders.
  

Capital and Liquidity Risks

• We may be unable to continue to access or renew funding sources and obtain capital needed to maintain and grow our business.
• The terms of our debt limit how we conduct our business.
• A violation of the terms of our asset-backed secured financing facilities or revolving secured warehouse facilities could have a material adverse impact on our operations.
• Our substantial debt could negatively impact our business, prevent us from satisfying our debt obligations and adversely affect our financial condition.
• We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows to service our outstanding debt and fund operations and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under such debt.
• Interest rate fluctuations may adversely affect our borrowing costs, profitability and liquidity.
• The phaseout of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), or the replacement of LIBOR with a different reference rate, could result in a material adverse effect on our business.
• Reduction in our credit rating could increase the cost of our funding from, and restrict our access to, the capital markets and adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
• We may incur substantially more debt and other liabilities. This could exacerbate further the risks associated with our current debt levels.
• The conditions of the U.S. and international capital markets may adversely affect lenders with which we have relationships, causing us to incur additional costs and reducing our sources of liquidity, which may adversely affect our financial position, liquidity and results of operations.

Information Technology and Cybersecurity Risks

• Our dependence on technology could have a material adverse effect on our business.
• Our use of electronic contracts could impact our ability to perfect our ownership or security interest in Consumer Loans.
• Failure to properly safeguard confidential consumer and team member information could subject us to liability, decrease our profitability and damage our reputation.
  
  

Legal and Regulatory Risks

• Litigation we are involved in from time to time may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
• Changes in tax laws and the resolution of uncertain income tax matters could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows from operations.
• The regulations to which we are or may become subject could result in a material adverse effect on our business.
  
  

Other factors not currently anticipated by management may also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We do not undertake, and expressly disclaim any obligation, to update or alter our statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

Webcast Details

We will host a webcast on January 31, 2022 at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time to answer questions related to our fourth quarter and full year results. The webcast can be accessed live by visiting the “Investor Relations” section of our website at ir.creditacceptance.com or by dialing 877-303-2904. Additionally, a replay and transcript of the webcast will be archived in the “Investor Relations” section of our website.

Description of Credit Acceptance Corporation

Since 1972, Credit Acceptance has offered financing programs that enable automobile dealers to sell vehicles to consumers, regardless of their credit history. Our financing programs are offered through a nationwide network of automobile dealers who benefit from sales of vehicles to consumers who otherwise could not obtain financing; from repeat and referral sales generated by these same customers; and from sales to customers responding to advertisements for our financing programs, but who actually end up qualifying for traditional financing.

Without our financing programs, consumers are often unable to purchase vehicles or they purchase unreliable ones. Further, as we report to the three national credit reporting agencies, an important ancillary benefit of our programs is that we provide consumers with an opportunity to improve their lives by improving their credit score and move on to more traditional sources of financing. Credit Acceptance is publicly traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol CACC. For more information, visit creditacceptance.com.

CREDIT ACCEPTANCE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(UNAUDITED)
        

(Dollars in millions, except per share data)	For the Three Months Ended December 31,						For the Years Ended December 31,
		2021			2020			2021			2020
Revenue:
Finance charges	$	430.2		$	417.9		$	1,742.6		$	1,562.4
Premiums earned		14.7			15.1			60.3			57.3
Other income		18.3			14.4			53.1			49.6
Total revenue		463.2			447.4			1,856.0			1,669.3
Costs and expenses:
Salaries and wages		67.2			46.1			218.1			186.5
General and administrative		20.4			22.8			100.3			69.6
Sales and marketing		16.9			15.6			65.3			69.5
Provision for credit losses		25.9			92.6			8.4			556.9
Interest		38.6			45.1			164.2			192.0
Provision for claims		9.5			9.1			38.8			37.9
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			—			—			7.4
Total costs and expenses		178.5			231.3			595.1			1,119.8
Income before provision for income taxes		284.7			216.1			1,260.9			549.5
Provision for income taxes		67.1			49.8			302.6			128.5
Net income	$	217.6		$	166.3		$	958.3		$	421.0
Net income per share:
Basic	$	14.77		$	9.47		$	59.57		$	23.57
Diluted	$	14.60		$	9.43		$	59.52		$	23.47
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic		14,729,831			17,564,101			16,085,823			17,858,935
Diluted		14,904,836			17,633,553			16,100,552			17,935,779

CREDIT ACCEPTANCE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(UNAUDITED)

(Dollars in millions, except per share data)	As of
	December 31, 2021				December 31, 2020
ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	23.3			$	16.0
Restricted cash and cash equivalents		410.9				380.2
Restricted securities available for sale		62.1				66.1
Loans receivable		9,349.8				10,124.8
Allowance for credit losses		(3,013.5)				(3,336.9)
Loans receivable, net		6,336.3				6,787.9
Property and equipment, net		57.3				59.4
Income taxes receivable		109.2				147.0
Other assets		51.8				32.4
Total Assets	$	7,050.9			$	7,489.0
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	175.0			$	186.7
Revolving secured line of credit		2.6				95.9
Secured financing		3,811.5				3,711.6
Senior notes		792.5				790.6
Mortgage note		9.7				10.5
Deferred income taxes, net		435.2				391.0
Income taxes payable		0.2				0.2
Total Liabilities		5,226.7				5,186.5
Shareholders' Equity:
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized, none issued		—				—
Common stock, $.01 par value, 80,000,000 shares authorized, 14,145,888 and 17,092,432 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively		0.1				0.2
Paid-in capital		197.2				161.9
Retained earnings		1,626.7				2,138.8
Accumulated other comprehensive income		0.2				1.6
Total Shareholders' Equity		1,824.2				2,302.5
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity	$	7,050.9			$	7,489.0

Investor Relations: Douglas W. Busk Chief Treasury Officer (248) 353-2700 Ext. 4432 IR@creditacceptance.com